Confirmed on the radio: it answers "?;" to KY, so this is not a setting to find.
My previous message sent the operator looking for a MENU → CW → PC KEYING entry I
named without checking it exists on that model, and they could not find it.
The message now names the path that does work: the "Serial port (DTR=CW /
RTS=PTT)" keyer on the rig's OTHER COM port — the standard one — while CAT keeps
the enhanced one. Same for the settings hint and the changelog.
The KY engine stays: it is documented for the FTDX101 / FT-991A / FT-710 family.
It now fails loudly and usefully on the models that lack it, which is the
difference between a dead feature and a wrong one.
The log timed it exactly: the CW send at 13:16:17.591, the CAT dropping at
13:16:17.633, forty milliseconds later.
An accepted KY says nothing, but a REJECTED one answers "?;" — and nobody was
reading it. The frame sat in the buffer until the poll loop's next query picked
it up, failed, and the Manager tore the link down. That is the disconnect on
every macro click, and it also explains the silence: the backend was being
rebuilt underneath the send.
Two changes. The KY write is now followed by a short read: silence means
accepted, "?;" means refused — and the operator is told so, naming MENU → CW →
PC KEYING, instead of getting nothing with no reason. And FA; retries once when
it meets a stray rejection, because a "?;" arriving there is almost never about
FA: the rig answers frequency queries perfectly well, it is the previous
command's refusal being attributed to this one.
This does not yet prove the FTDX10 accepts KY at all. It makes the next run say
so plainly either way, which is the point.
The log settled it: the rig answers "?;" — its "unknown command" — to KY; and to
MG;. So the keyer status query cannot work on this model, and every send spent
four seconds waiting for an answer that was never coming.
"?;" is now recognised as what it is. A command refused once is never asked
again: models implement different subsets, and re-asking costs a 600 ms timeout
on every slow beat for a control that will never answer — which is also why the
panel felt sluggish.
Without a buffer status there is still a real constraint: one KY command carries
24 characters and the rig DROPS the rest silently. So the send is now paced by
how long the text takes to key, from PARIS timing at the rig's own speed. A long
macro goes out complete instead of losing its tail.
That leaves the question the log cannot answer: whether KY <text>; itself is
accepted. If the rig also replies "?;" to it, the CAT menu's PC KEYING setting is
the next suspect — but nothing in the code will be guessing at it.
Clicking a macro dropped the CAT for a few seconds, keyed nothing, then came
back.
ask() returned the first ';'-terminated frame it saw, whatever command it
belonged to. KY produces NO reply, so the next query — FA; from the poll loop —
collected a leftover frame, failed to parse it as a frequency, and ReadState
reported an error. The Manager reads that as "lost the rig": disconnect, wait,
reconnect. Hence the drop and the automatic recovery a few seconds later.
Replies are now matched to the command that asked for them: anything else is
discarded and logged, so a stray frame costs one log line instead of the link.
This also explains the silence — the send never got a clean run at the port
while the backend was being torn down under it.
"the keyer buffer stayed full for 4s" and nothing keyed, on a rig whose CAT is
working. The buffer was not full: the check demanded the reply be exactly "KY0;"
with the digit at byte 2, so anything the FTDX10 phrases differently — a space
before the digit, another command's reply arriving first — read as "still full"
on every poll until the deadline.
The test is now asymmetric on purpose: only a clear "1" holds the send back.
Anything unrecognised goes ahead. Refusing to transmit because a status line was
phrased unexpectedly is the worse failure — the operator gets silence with no
explanation, where at worst sending early truncates a long message, which the
chunk loop then recovers from.
The reply is also logged once per run, since we have no verified sample of it —
that line is what turns the next surprise into a fact instead of a theory.
The radio has a keyer and a command to feed it (KY), so an FTDX10 needs no
WinKeyer and no second cable, exactly as the Icom CI-V and Flex CWX engines
already do. The rig keys with its own timing, which is why the spacing is right
where a PC keying a line through USB latency drifts.
Text is filtered to what the keyer can actually send: an unsupported byte does
not produce an error on a Yaesu, it can abort the whole buffer, so the rest of a
macro would vanish silently. It is then fed in 24-character pieces, waiting for
room between them — the rig DROPS what does not fit, again with no error, so a
contest CQ would lose its tail.
STOP is the honest gap. Yaesu documents no buffer-clear, so it drops the
transmitter (TX0) instead: nothing queued reaches the air, which is what Escape
means to an operator. It deliberately does NOT send "KY0;" — a plausible-looking
clear that the rig would read as the CHARACTER zero and transmit.
A test caught a real one on the way: tabs and newlines were dropped as
"unsupported", gluing the words either side together, so a macro written on two
lines went out as CQCQ. Whitespace now becomes a word gap before filtering.
Settings warn when the Yaesu keyer is selected without the Yaesu CAT backend —
otherwise it simply never keys, with nothing on screen saying why.
Send path follows the CAT reference and how Hamlib drives these rigs; NOT yet
verified on the air.
Microphone gain and VOX are meaningless in CW: the rig ignores both, so showing
them is showing dead controls. They are hidden, and a CW card takes their place
with keyer speed (KS), break-in (BI) and ZIN (ZI), the zero-in that retunes so
the station being received lands on the operator's own pitch.
ZIN is a one-shot with no state, so it is a plain button rather than a chip that
would look latched, and no settings read-back follows — the frequency change
arrives through the normal poll like any other.
The keyer values are read on the slow beat whatever the mode, so the card is
already populated the instant the operator switches to CW instead of filling in a
poll cycle later.
Which controls show is decided by the RIG's mode, not the logged one: the logged
mode can be a digital sub-mode the radio knows nothing about.
Reported on the FTDX10: listening on 14.244 with VFO B still holding 18.115 from
an earlier session, pressing SPLIT threw the transmitter onto another band. The
button only flipped the rig's split flag, and the other VFO is stale by nature —
the only transmit frequency that makes sense is one derived from where the
operator is listening NOW. SPLIT therefore places the TX VFO too: up 1 kHz on CW
and the data modes, up 5 kHz on phone, the offsets operators actually call. The
+1k / +5k buttons remain for anything else, and a test pins the mapping.
The panel also drew its own flat meters while the Flex and Icom consoles use the
shared LED-segment MeterBar. Two instrument styles in one application is just
inconsistency — it now uses the shared component, and the local one is gone.
And the three consoles are named alike: "Flex Console", "Icom Console", "Yaesu
Console", in the tabs and in the Main-view pane list, in both languages.
Three corrections from the operator's second pass.
The sideband gesture was wrong: I used double-click, which hides the action.
Clicking a button that is ALREADY active now flips its sideband — CW-U → CW-L →
CW-U. One button, one finger, nothing to discover.
A lit SPLIT chip does not tell an operator anything useful: it says split is on,
not where they transmit. The header now shows the TX frequency and the offset in
kHz whenever split is active.
And the offset that matters is set in one action: up 1 kHz on CW, up 5 kHz on
phone. Doing it by hand means swapping VFOs, retuning and swapping back — exactly
the fumbling a panel exists to remove. Both are offered rather than picked from
the mode, because which one is idiomatic is the operator's call, and the button
turns split on at the same time.
The offset is measured from the RECEIVE frequency and written to the VFO we are
not listening on, so it stays correct when the operator works on VFO B, where the
roles are mirrored.
First look on the FTDX10 turned up six things:
The S meter printed a raw percentage — "57" tells an operator nothing, and it is
the S number that goes into a report. It now reads S1-S9/S9+dB, the same value
the click-to-fill RST already used.
CW, RTTY and the data modes exist on BOTH sidebands and the operator is the one
who knows which they want. The buttons now carry the rig's actual sideband and a
double-click flips it; PSK is added, riding the rig's DATA mode as it does on the
radio itself. This also means the mode row drives the rig directly (MD0 with the
exact mode) instead of going through the ADIF path, which could only pick a
sideband by convention.
The attenuator is a 6/12/18 dB pad on these rigs, not the single step I assumed —
two thirds of the control was unreachable.
Sliders had no visible filled side: --muted is barely lighter than the card it
sits on, so the whole track read as one bar. They also came in three kinds (two
bare range inputs among them). One component now, explicit track colour, and it
takes a min/max so power in watts and DNR 1-15 look like the rest.
The panel stretched across the whole window; it is a column of controls, so it is
now capped and every row stays readable.
And it gets its own Yaesu tab, like FlexRadio and Icom, rather than only being
available as a Main-view pane.
A console pane for the native Yaesu backend, in the same shape as the Icom and
Flex ones: S/PO/SWR meters, band and mode rows, AF/RF/squelch, AGC, the IPO/AMP1/
AMP2 front-end selector, ATT, NB, DNR + level, narrow filter, power in watts, mic
gain, VOX, split and ATU tune.
Three decisions worth keeping:
Panel reads are STAGGERED and live in their own file, away from ReadState. Meters
poll every cycle; settings only change when someone turns a knob, so they refresh
every 8th cycle and right after any set. Polling all of it every cycle would put
twenty queries a second on the serial link the frequency display shares.
Band buttons use the rig's own band memory (BS) rather than a frequency we pick,
so 20 m lands where the operator last was on 20 m — what the radio's own band
keys do.
A set is followed by a read-back, so the panel shows what the RIG ended up with,
not what we asked for; the two differ whenever a value is out of range or the
mode forbids the control. And a control the model lacks keeps its previous value
instead of dropping to zero, which reads as a setting that reset itself.
The S9 point of the S-meter scale is a hypothesis (the manual does not state it)
and is commented as such — one number to correct if reports come out an S unit
off, rather than a fudge spread through the RST helper.
Also removes the FlexRadio settings blurb, which explained the backend to
someone who had already chosen it.
Xiegu speaks CI-V with a reduced command set: frames, BCD encoding, addressing
and the opcodes for frequency, mode, PTT and split are Icom's, so this reuses
internal/cat/civ wholesale instead of re-deriving a codec.
It is a SEPARATE backend rather than the Icom one at address 0x70, because what
the two rigs do NOT share is the deciding part. The Icom backend reads the
spectrum scope, the DSP block, data mode via 1A 06 and the model id via 19 —
none of which a Xiegu implements. Pointed at a G90 it would poll every cycle for
answers that never come, and spend its silence tolerance on commands the radio
was never going to support.
Two consequences of the rig's smaller mode table are handled explicitly rather
than left to fail: there is no data mode, so a digital QSO is set to plain
sideband (what the operator does on the radio anyway) instead of being refused;
and the split TX frequency is NOT reported, because reading the unselected VFO
needs 0x25, which the Xiegu table does not list — a split flag carrying a wrong
TX frequency is worse than the flag alone, since the frequency is what gets
logged.
The published command table has rows that slipped during typesetting (0x07 and
0x0F share a block). Where it contradicts itself the Icom meaning is used, the
rest of the table matching Icom exactly, and every unexpected reply is logged
raw so a first on-air run settles it.
NOT yet verified on a radio.
A native CAT backend owns the rig's serial port, and Windows gives a COM port to
one process — so choosing native CAT locked WSJT-X, MSHV and JTDX out of the
radio entirely. That is the cost of dropping OmniRig, which was itself a sharing
layer, and it has to be paid back.
OpsLog now becomes the server, as wfview does. It speaks the Hamlib net rigctl
protocol, which every one of those programs supports natively (rig model "Hamlib
NET rigctl", 127.0.0.1:4532) with no driver to install. It sits in front of the
MANAGER, not a backend, so an operator on OmniRig, Flex, Icom or TCI gets the
same server.
Two details that decide whether a client works at all rather than degrading:
dump_state is parsed positionally and WSJT-X refuses to proceed without a
well-formed block, so it is written out in full and its shape is pinned by a
test; and set_vfo / set_split_vfo answer RPRT 0 rather than an error, because
OpsLog follows the rig's own VFO and a refusal makes WSJT-X abandon the
connection. Unknown commands answer RPRT -11 — never silence, which hangs a
client instead.
The whole protocol is tested against a fake rig, plus one end-to-end exchange
over a real socket, since the framing is as much the contract as the text.
Also: the Yaesu backend is confirmed working on a real FTDX10 (frequency, mode,
VFO, split), so its "not yet verified" note is now wrong and is corrected.
Every Yaesu fault reported so far came from OmniRig's interpretation layer, not
from the radio: a rig file that never exposes the VFO, a Freq property meaning A
on one model and B on another, a split flag that alternates between polls. This
talks to the rig directly, so what the radio answers is what is shown.
Modern Yaesu CAT is plain ASCII with a ';' terminator — FA/FB for the VFOs, MD0
for the mode, VS for the selected VFO, TX to key. Frequency is written to the VFO
the operator is actually on, not always to A, which is the failure that made a
display disagree with the radio.
Two things are genuinely uncertain across the family and are treated as such
rather than guessed. SPLIT is read through ST, then FT if the rig ignores ST —
whichever answers wins and the choice is remembered, because the two commands say
DIFFERENT things (a split flag vs which VFO transmits). If neither answers, split
is reported OFF and the fact is logged, rather than invented. Unknown model ids
and mode bytes are logged raw for the same reason.
Split resolution, frequency parsing and the mode mapping are pure functions with
a table test — the OmniRig equivalent is where every Yaesu bug lived, and it had
no test until late.
Written from the CAT reference; NOT yet verified on a radio.
Adds the IC-7300MKII at CI-V 0xB6.
Doing so exposed a drift between the two hand-kept copies of the model table: the
settings offered the IC-7700 at 0x88 and the IC-7800 at 0x80, which are the
IC-7100's and the IC-7410's factory addresses. Picking either set an address the
rig never answers on — the symptom is a radio that simply stays silent — and the
backend then named it as the other model. Corrected to 0x74 and 0x6A, and the
four models the backend already knew (IC-7100, IC-7410, IC-7600, IC-7851) are now
offered too instead of forcing a manual address.
A test reads the model list out of the .tsx and asserts civ.ModelName agrees, so
the next model added on one side alone fails the build rather than someone's
radio.
The network backend treated "control link alive but no CI-V reply" as the rig
being in standby, and tolerated it WITHOUT BOUND. When another program takes the
CI-V session — WSJT-X through OmniRig, or the Remote Utility — the rig goes on
answering pings on the control stream while sending us nothing at all. Alive()
stayed true, so ReadState returned the cached frequency with err == nil, the
Manager never saw a failure, never reconnected, and re-published a frozen number
with a fresh timestamp on every poll. Only restarting OpsLog cleared it.
Bounded now, on the last SUCCESSFUL read. Past the grace the error is reported so
the Manager tears the session down and reconnects, which re-takes the CI-V
stream. Also fatal immediately: the CI-V reader goroutine having exited — no read
can ever succeed after that, however healthy the control link looks.
The grace backs off to minutes when the silence persists, because the two cases
pull opposite ways: a stolen session recovers on the first attempt, while a rig
switched OFF is silent for hours and re-tearing its session every 30 s would
blink the panel — and its ON button — away continuously. A good read resets it.
The decision table is pinned by a test; the standby case (never answered since
connect) keeps the old tolerate-for-ever behaviour.
Reported on 3 cm. cat.BandFromHz stopped at 23 cm, so a 10 GHz frequency came
back EMPTY — and an empty band is not cosmetic: the QSO is logged without one,
counts in no award slot, and exports with no BAND field. The low end was short
too (2190m / 630m / 560m).
Four band tables had to be extended because four exist: the CAT one, the award
plan in app.go, the cluster spot classifier, and the frontend's. Plus the places
that LIST bands — the QSO editor and award-definition pickers (you could not set
3 cm by hand either), the statistics axis, and the award band ORDER, where a
missing band sorts to the end instead of in frequency order.
Ranges and names are ADIF 3.1.7, which is what an export has to carry.
A test now pins one frequency per band across the Go tables and asserts they
agree — that is what was missing, four hand-maintained copies with nothing
checking them. It also pins that an out-of-band frequency stays empty rather
than snapping to the nearest band, which would file a QSO under a band the
operator never used.
An FTDX10 operator reports that changing band from OpsLog moves the rig but the
displayed frequency stays on the old band until they nudge the VFO. The existing
readback is taken immediately after the write, so it always shows the old value
and proves nothing: OmniRig queues the CAT command and sends it over serial.
A second readback is now logged ~1.5 s later, from ReadState (the goroutine that
owns the COM apartment), together with what OpsLog concluded. That separates the
two candidates, which look identical to the operator: the rig ignored the write,
or the rig moved and its rig file never re-reads the frequency.
My mistake yesterday: the new confirmation columns went into uploadStatusCols —
the QSL Manager's FILTER whitelist — instead of bulkEditableCols. The dialog
listed QRZ.com received status and the ten dates, and the repository refused
them at Apply, after the operator had selected 54 QSOs.
Moved to the right map. And two fields have been broken this way since long
before: State and County were offered under "Contacted station" (whose IOTA /
POTA / SOTA / SIG siblings are all allowed) but were missing from the whitelist,
so choosing one always failed. Added — they are exactly what an import loses and
what a whole run shares.
The real fix is the test. Two lists in two languages had to agree by hand and
nothing checked it, so the failure only ever surfaced as an error message at the
last click. The new tests read the ACTUAL field ids out of BulkEditModal.tsx and
FilterBuilder.tsx and assert the repository accepts every one — a field added to
the UI alone now fails the build instead of the operator.
They arrive many times a second and were dumped every 5 s, drowning the rest of
the log. They only ever existed to confirm the meter NAMES during development,
which the subscription line already does — and that one is now a single summary
instead of one line per meter, a Flex announcing dozens of them at each connect.
OmniRig reports the VFO pair (AA/AB/BA/BB) on the whole Yaesu range and never
the single-letter form. Only the latter was honoured, so every rig in that
family stayed pinned to VFO A: pressing SUB moved the radio but not OpsLog,
and a QSO worked on SUB was logged on the main VFO's frequency. The first
letter of the pair is the VFO being listened on — Log4OM reads it and gets the
right frequency on the same rigs, which is what showed the data was there.
The enum now wins over the Yaesu Freq==FreqB inference, which is only a
fallback for a rig file that names no VFO at all (the stock FTDX10 one answers
neither VS; nor FR; usably — verified on the air).
Split: the ON flag is still latched to survive a rig file that flips it on its
own, but the latch is now ARMED only after 8 flips in 30 s. A first cut at
3-in-15s was armed by the operator toggling split while testing, imposing the
6 s clearing delay on a radio that did not need it; a misreading file flips a
dozen times in that window untouched, so the two cases separate cleanly.
Distance (km) column added to Recent QSOs and Worked before (shared catalog).
Computed from the QSO's OWN my_grid/my_lat/lon first, falling back to the
current profile's locator: a log spans years and portable outings, so the
station a QSO was made from is not necessarily today's.
Locator: a precise QRZ/HamQTH grid is no longer overwritten by the cty.dat
entity centroid. The lookup runs several times per QSO and the provider gets
2 s; a slow second answer fell back to cty.dat and downgraded JN05JG to JN16
while name and QTH survived (they are only written when non-empty).
The OmniRig diagnostic line now logs what OpsLog concluded, not just what
OmniRig reported. icomnet.go: gofmt alignment only.
- SCP/N+1: new internal/scp downloads the community MASTER.SCP master list and a
docked two-column widget shows, as you type a call, the known calls containing it
(Partial) and the calls one edit away (N+1) — click to fix a busted call. Opt-in
in Settings → General; top-bar toggle; queried debounced on callsign input.
- Flex: OpsLog's GUI-client detection was too loose and could bind to "SmartSDR CAT"
(or DAX) — both carry "smartsdr" in the program name — instead of the real GUI
client, making SmartSDR CAT drop and reconnect in a loop while OpsLog was open.
Now it binds only to a real SmartSDR/Maestro GUI client (e.g. a FLEX-8600M's
integrated screen) and excludes cat/dax; dropped the risky empty-program fallback.
- Telemetry: on a fresh install the callsign isn't set at launch, so the once-a-day
heartbeat recorded the machine UUID. Now it waits (~10 min) for the operator to
enter their callsign before sending, falling back to the UUID only if none appears.
The motorized-antenna follow loop keyed its deadband off the antenna's reported
frequency. A SteppIR reports an intermittent/stale status frequency (flips
between the commanded freq and its home/6 m value), so the deadband tripped on
almost every 1.5 s poll and re-issued a tune command. Each command refreshed
noteMotorMoveCommanded(), keeping motorTXInhibitLoop's recentCmd window alive, so
the Flex transmit-inhibit ("Interlock is preventing transmission") never
released — confirmed in a real log (moving=0 throughout, recentCmd was the
driver).
Follow loop now keys the deadband off the LAST COMMANDED rig frequency, only
re-tuning when the radio actually QSYs beyond the step — immune to a flaky
antenna status. Falls back to the antenna's freq only until the first command.
Also dropped SetTXInhibit's `interlock set reason=` sends: `reason` is a
read-only field on the Flex interlock object, so writing it is rejected
(cmd error 5000002D on V1.4.0.0) and did nothing; `transmit set inhibit=` is the
real mechanism and is unchanged.
Confirmed from an FT-891 CAT log: OpsLog tuned via OmniRig's SetSimplexMode,
which returned OK on every spot click but never moved the VFO (readback stayed
put), while SetMode on the same .ini worked — so the CAT link was healthy and
only the frequency write was a no-op. SetSimplexMode was chosen because Icoms
accept direct FreqA writes but don't move; Yaesu/Kenwood are the opposite.
Now, for non-Icom rigs (or if SetSimplexMode errors), also write the VFO
frequency property (FreqA/Freq) directly, which does move them. Icom keeps the
SetSimplexMode-only path so the Main/Sub VFO isn't nudged by a direct write.
The rig's 0x27 waveform frames carry the same leading main-scope selector byte
as the dual-scope IC-7610/9700 (`27 00 00 <seq> <total> …`), but the code keyed
the layout off the CI-V address and treated the 7300 as selector-less, reading
the sequence from Data[1] (always 0x00) so every frame hit the `seq == 0`
guard and was dropped — blank scope. The waveform parser now detects the
leading selector byte from the frame itself (address-independent), and the
scope config/set commands (mode, span, edges) include the selector the 7300
requires. The IC-7610/9700 path is byte-for-byte unchanged (main → idx 2, sub
frames skipped). Confirmed against a real IC-7300 CI-V capture.
SetScope(false) sent both 0x27 0x10 00 (scope DISPLAY off) and 0x27 0x11 00
(CI-V data output off), so quitting OpsLog blanked a local IC-7300's own scope
screen. Only the display-on (0x27 0x10 01) is now sent, and only on enable;
disable stops the CI-V stream alone and never touches the radio's display.
The multi-frame waveform header (USB path) read the second frequency field
as an absolute high edge, but in center mode it is a span — so high < low and
the panadapter had no valid range to map the trace onto (blank scope). It now
applies the same center+span vs low+high disambiguation the IC-7610 single-
frame path already used. FIXED mode was unaffected.
Also stamps changelog 0.20.10 with today's date.
Multi-amp: Settings->Amplifier becomes a list (amps.json, legacy single-amp keys auto-migrate to entry #1); one client per enabled amp with per-id bindings (GetAmplifiers/SaveAmplifiers/GetAmpStatuses/AmpOperate/AmpPower/AmpPowerLevel/AmpFanMode); legacy a.pgxl/a.spe/a.acom point at the first enabled amp of each family. Amp cards in FlexPanel and Station Control gain a dropdown to pick the amp; the status bar shows one clickable chip per amp. Use case: two SPEs run in parallel.
Flex v4 DSP (8000/Aurora): NRL/ANFL (lms_nr/lms_anf), NRS (speex_nr), NRF (nrf) with level sliders, RNN (rnnoise) and ANFT on/off — keys per the FlexLib slice docs; the section only shows when the radio reports these keys (dsp_v4 flag), so 6000-series panels are unchanged.
Completes the CWX type-ahead loop: with send-on-type the keyer-panel CW text
already streams each typed char to the radio's CWX buffer (which keys in order,
so you can keep typing while it sends); this adds the matching un-send. Route
wkBackspace to FlexBackspaceCW -> cwx erase N, so backspacing a mistyped char in
send-on-type removes it from the buffer before the radio keys it.
The 7610-only FreqA gate broke CAT on the 7610 when FreqA was momentarily 0.
Match DXHunter/WSJT-X: read FreqA first for all rigs, fall back to the generic
Freq (IC-9100 etc.), then FreqB. OmniRig's generic Freq maps to VFO B on the
7610, which is why keying off FreqA is correct.
OmniRig: on the IC-7610 the generic Freq property reports the wrong VFO (its
Main/Sub model confuses the stock ini), so OpsLog showed VFO B. Detect the rig
by RigType and, in simplex, read VFO A explicitly — matching Log4OM. Only the
7610 is affected; other rigs keep using the generic Freq.
Icom network: when the rig tears the session down (control/CI-V 0x05) OpsLog
only logged it and kept the half-dead link until the 6 s liveness timeout
expired. Mark the link dead on 0x05 so Alive() fails on the next poll and the
manager reconnects cleanly right away.
rouggy